Taking stock

Stock Dove (Columba oenas)

In the latter part of the spring, we moved a couple of our seed feeders from their former position outside the office windows to a new spot in the John Downie crabapple visible from our kitchen window, somewhat further away from the house. A few of our more wary visitors – Jackdaws and Common Pheasants among them – were delighted. And it wasn't long before we spotted a new addition to our "IN the yard" list: a pair of Stock Doves. These quickly became regular visitors, and they've continued to frequent the short-grass areas of the garden even after the seed feeders were retired for the summer. Though similar in size and colouration to the feral Rock Dove (i.e. the feral pigeon), they can be distinguished by their dark eyes, their red and yellow bills, and their lack of a pale rump patch. Typically found along woodland edges and in parkland during the breeding season across much of the UK, they're only rarely seen in gardens. In the winter, they regularly gather in small flocks in farmland. Unusually for pigeons, they're cavity nesters. They regularly use holes in trees, but will also use cracks in cliffs (or ruins), thick poplar hedges or ivy, or even rabbit warrens. Stock Doves are currently classed as "amber" (i.e. moderately threatened) on the UK's list of birds of conservation concern, so it's a real treat to add them to our list.

Shiny invaders

Rosemary Beetle (Chrysolina americana)

Whilst checking the herb garden during a coffee break this week, Mike chanced upon our first Rosemary Beetles (Chrysolina americana), a handful of which were trundling across sage leaves or huddled on rosemary stems. We've been expecting them, to be honest. Though they weren't recorded in Britain until the late 1990's (when they were found breeding in central London), they have now spread right across the British Isles and are common and widespread in England and Wales. Their iridescent purple and green stripes make them easy to identify despite their small size; they measure only 6–8 mm (about a third of an inch). Though they nibble on the flowers and leaves of rosemary, sages, thymes and other aromatic plants, they don't typically cause too much damage, and even the Royal Horticultural Society suggests they be considered as "part of the life a healthy garden supports". Apparently, the larvae, which generally occur in late summer, are rather more voracious than their parents (which may feed little until they're ready to mate). Adults can be reasonably long-lived for a beetle, regularly surviving more than a year. Despite their scientific name, the beetles didn't originate in the Americas. Rather, they're from southern Europe – presumably yet another indication of a changing climate.

Fruity weevil

Apple Fruit Weevil (Neocoenorrhinus aequatus)

While mooching around on this week's Bank Holiday Monday, I found this little insect resting on the tip of a Common Nettle leaf in a back corner of the garden. It's an Apple Fruit Weevil (Neocoenorrhinus aequatus), also widely known as Apple Fruit Rynchites. Despite its name, the weevil's usual host is Hawthorn, a scrubby tree that's common in hedgerows across Norfolk and much of the rest of the UK. That tree will reach its blooming peak within the next few weeks, and the weevil is ready! Its numbers peak in May and June, though it can also be found earlier in the spring. In addition to Hawthorn, it will also feast on Blackthorn (which blooms in April), apple, cherry, plum and pear trees, and sometimes proves to be a locally significant pest of organic orchards. It's quite small, measuring only 2.5 to 4.5 mm (about 1/5 of an inch), with a blackish-brown head and thorax and reddish-brown elytra (the hard cases covering the wings). The dark line marking the join between the elytra is distinctive, as are the many tiny pits and pale hairs covering them. The weevil is common throughout much of England (to about mid-Yorkshire and Durham), but rare in Wales, Scotland and the north of England. The female will lay up to 20 eggs in the blossoms and developing fruits of the Hawthorn (or other tree), and may chew through the fruitlet's stem to slow its development. The larvae develop in the fruits, emerging in the fall when the fruits fall to the ground. The larvae burrow into the ground to pupate, quickly (i.e. in a week or two) becoming adults, but remaining snug in their pupa case until the following spring. Hopefully, they'll leave at least a few of our apple blossoms unscathed, so that the Blackbirds will have something to eat come autumn.

Stripey fly

Xanthogramma pedissequum

The generally chilly weather we've had this spring seems to have put a bit of a damper on insect numbers in the garden, but I found this unfamiliar hoverfly warming itself on a south-facing leaf yesterday. It's Xanthogramma pedissequum, and it's new for the garden. The yellow striping along the edges of the thorax (the fly's "shoulders", if you will) is distinctive, as are the triangular yellow spots on near the fly's "waist" (tergite #2, if you're being specific) and the dark leading edge to the wings. This handsome insect is most common in the summer (particularly in June), but can be seen as early as March and as late as the end of September. It's a widespread southern species, common south of a line between the Wash and southern Wales, with scattered records as far north as central Scotland. Though primarily a grassland resident, it is sometimes found along paths in more wooded areas. Much of its life history is little known, but its larvae are thought to live in the nests of black or yellow ants. It typically flies close to the ground and feeds on low-growing flowers, but is most often seen, as this one was, perched on foliage somewhere. It's the first new insect of 2022!

Windowsill hedgehogs

Grey-cushioned Grimmia (Grimmia pulvinata) 

As the days get steadily longer (and occasionally warmer) the garden is stirring back to life. Among the brightest greens in view at the moment are the humped little mounds of an impressive variety of mosses, most as yet unidentified. The roof tiles and windowsills of our house and its various outbuildings are covered with them! We've managed to work out the ID of a few, like this Grey-cushioned Grimmia (Grimmia pulvinata), which is named for the carpet of long, dense hairs that extend from the tips of its leaves. These also give the moss its other common name – Hedgehog Grimmia. This is one of the easiest mosses to put a name to, at least when it has young spore capsules like the one above does. These green capsules curl back into the cushion on arching stems, only standing upright when they become old, dry and brown. Each capsule has a long, pointed "beak" at the tip, which helps to distinguish them from the superficially similar Grimmia orbicularis with its rounded tip. Its elliptically-shaped leaves are distinctive. It's a widespread moss, found across much of the UK, primarily in the lowlands. Elsewhere, it occurs across most of the globe, and is the most common species in its genus. It prefers sunny locations, and usually grows on stone rather than trees and shrubs. In the wild, it occurs on limestone or calcareous cliffs and boulders. However, because it can tolerate moderate levels of pollution, it's also common in urban and suburban areas, where it grows on mortar, tombstones, asbestos and concrete. So it's not an unexpected resident in our garden, but a welcome splash of greenery none-the-less.

Lecidella elaeochroma

Lecidella eleaochroma

January is generally a quiet month for British gardens, but there are still plenty of things out there to discover. This is Lecidella eleaochroma, one of our more common lichens. Scores of them stud the trunks of many of our smooth-barked trees, often butting up against nearby colonies of Lecanora chlarotera. Where they do, a black prothallus develops along this lichen's leading edge. Like other members of the genus Lecidella, these are crustose, which means they adhere closely to the substrate upon which they grow. You couldn't get a fingernail under one; to remove it, you'd have to strip the tree's bark right off. Colonies tend to be greyer in shady spots and yellower in sunny areas, and are liberally sprinkled with round black apothecia, the fruiting bodies that contain the lichen's fungal spores. Unlike some of the other lichens I've profiled on the blog so far, this one reproduces primarily by spores, which contain only the lichen's fungal partner. This means a germinating spore must quickly find (or steal!) an algal partner – a far trickier proposition than bundling both components together in a soredium, like some lichens do. Lecidella eleaochroma is widespread across the British Isles, and indeed across all of Europe and much of North America as well.

Ivy bee

Ivy Bee (Colletes hederae)

Few bees in the UK are cuter than the diminutive Ivy Bee (Colletes hederae), which is coming into its own as autumn progresses. As its name suggests, this specialist feeds primarily on the pollen of Common Ivy (Hedera helix), which flowers from September to November. However, it will also visit Common Ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris, as above), Prickly Sow-thistle (Sonchus asper) and other autumn-flowering blooms for nectar. A new arrival to the islands, it was first recorded in the UK in 2001. In fact, it was only described to science in 1993! Now, it occurs across the Channel Islands and much of southern England and Wales, primarily in built-up areas and along the coast, and continues to extend its range northwards. A newly-emerged female's combination of strongly buff-banded abdomen and orange thorax is distinctive, but males and faded individuals can be trickier to identify. Like other mining bees, this one nests underground, typically digging into lightly vegetated, south-facing banks. Though it's a solitary species, it can occur in large nest aggregations where proper conditions exist; there's an area on a sandy heath near here with upwards of a thousand individuals! We have regular visitors to our garden despite a lack of suitable nest sites, so there must be a good nesting location nearby. Creating a "bee bank" in the garden is definitely on the to do list!

Leggy

Female Opilio canestrinii

For several days in a row a couple of weeks ago, I found this female harvestman (harvestwoman?) sprawled out on a nettle leaf in the garden. Did she stay there the whole time, digesting a particularly big meal? Or had she made sorties and returned to a favoured spot? So many mysteries! She's an Opilio canestrinii, one of Britain's longer-legged harvestman species. The two rows of alternating dark and light bars on her back (see the picture above), her very long dark legs, and her white operculum (the little turret that her eyes sit in) help to identify her. Males are smaller-bodied, and more uniformly red-orange in colour. This is a newly-arrived species in Great Britain. First recorded in the Thames Valley in 1999, it has spread rapidly and is now found across England and Wales. In 2011, it was found in Scotland, and has since been spreading quickly from that initial location. Intriguingly, it wasn't known in Europe until the mid-1900s, when it was found in Italy; since then, its range has expanded to cover most of western Europe. In some places (i.e. the Netherlands), its arrival has led to the extinction of native Opilio species. Let's hope that doesn't happen here!

Quicksilver

Silver-washed Fritillery (Argynnis paphia) with Peacock (Aglais io) in the background

On a whirlwind afternoon last month, we recorded three new species of butterfly for the property. They were part of a big influx that occurred over several days, pushed in our direction by warm southerly winds and enticed to the garden by a plethora of blooming Buddleia bushes. Among the multitude of Peacocks, Red Admirals and Small Tortoiseshells that were sprinkled across the flower spikes, we spotted a suspiciously orange flash, which resolved itself into this slightly battered but still handsome male Silver-washed Fritillery (Argynnis paphis) – a rare visitor to our corner of England. You can tell he's a male by the long dark streaks on his forewing; these are his "sex brands". When he's courting a female, he dazzles her with his acrobatics, flying loops above, in front of, and under her as she continues to fly in a straight line. If she's impressed enough to land, he shakes loose a shower of scented scales from those sex brands to further convince her of his desirability. At first glance it seems odd to call this butterfly "silver-washed", given that it's orange and black. The steaks which give it its common name are actually on the underside of its hindwing, and are only visible when the butterfly folds its wings.

This isn't a common species in our part of England. Typically, it's found in the southern and western corners of Britain, with only the occasional strays making it futher north and east. It's primarily a woodland species, breeding in shadier parts of the forest, but moving to more open areas to feed. Adults fly from mid-June through August. Once she's mated, a female will lay her eggs in moss or bark crevices near colonies of Common Dog-violet (Viola riviniana). Though they hatch in the fall, the larvae immediately go into hibernation. The following spring, they'll emerge to feed on the newly-flowering violets. The species underwent a big population decline in the 1900s, but in recent decades have started to expand their range again. Here's hoping they become more common again in our part of the country!

Ermine

White Ermine (Spilosoma lubricipeda) caterpillar

The spikey-looking caterpillar pictured above is the very hairy offspring of one of our regular moth visitors – a White Ermine (Spilosoma lubricipeda). I spotted it humping its way rapidly through the longer grass at the edge of one of the garden paths last week. In this case, the "racing stripe" proved apt! It must have been moving from one food plant to another, and given its preference for docks and nettles, it had certainly picked the right corner of the garden to investigate. Adults, which fly from May to July, are long gone. Earlier in the summer though, they're common and widespread in most habitat types (except wetlands) across much of the British Isles, as well as throughout temperate Europe and Asia. They're pretty distinctive: creamy white all over with black antennae and varying numbers of black spots. Those in Scotland are said to be sometimes buffy or brown rather than creamy. They have the rather endearing habit of playing dead if disturbed during the day, dropping to the ground and lying on their backs with their legs all folded. They're full of alkaloids (which make them at best unpalatable and at worst, potentially toxic to anything trying to eat them) and presumably can emit some chemical scent to warn predators of that. Larvae are full of alkaloids too, and also rely on their bristly hairs to help make them an unappealing meal. They overwinter as pupae in leaf litter, emerging in late spring as adults. Here's hoping this youngster makes it to next year!

Adult, in mid-June